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What we know about CSCL and implementing it in higher education

, , Rob L. Martens , local 
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What we know about CSCL and implementing it in higher educationThis book is the first that presents an overview of the main topics involved in the study and implementation of Computer-Supported Collaborative Learning (CSCL) from a learning viewpoint. It is also one of the few - or the only one - that does this from a research and practical instructional design perspective. Too many books begin with the medium and/or the environments used for CSCL, as if you would write a book on building a house by focusing almost primarily on hammers, saws and screwdrivers. The main topics are clustered in four sections that are derived from reverse ordering the CSCL acronym, because CSCL is all about learning through collaboration that is supported by computers. Although CSCL is increasingly advocated in higher education, specific CSCL implementations - i.e. something more than providing technology without a well developed educational rationale - are uncommon in higher education. The topics covered in this book, each including a review and several examples of current best practices in higher education, can stimulate 'informed' implementation of CSCL in higher education.
Von Klappentext im Buch What we know about CSCL and implementing it in higher education (2004)
CSCL stands for computer-supported collaborative learning. The Kluwer publishing house started a new series of books on the subject last year. The volume reviewed here is part three. The title is nothing if not pretentious. What do we know about CSCL? And what do we know about implementation in higher education? I think the first question is answered better than the second. However, that's not surprising, as I hope to explain.

Exceptional collection of articles This is an exceptional collection of articles for several reasons, firstly for the approach; we start with learning processes rather than technology. The second exceptional aspect is the depth; besides a broad overview, the articles cover the subject in-depth. There is also a daring attempt (and this is what education is about) to link theory and practice. The latter is not done with equal success throughout the book, which comes as no surprise, considering that education rarely succeeds in this. The third exceptional aspect of the collection is its coherence; the authors have actually read each other's work, refer to each other, and attempt to keep the format and level of abstraction of the chapters the same. The book's three sections are preceded by an introduction and there is a concluding chapter that makes no attempt to hide the fact that we are only just starting to obtain an insight into CSCL.

Designing CSCL The volume starts and ends with contributions from the editors Strijbos, Kirschner and Martens, of the Dutch Open University, in Heerlen. The first chapter describes the field and a framework for designing CSCL. CSCL involves a different way of learning from that of individual learning. CSCL is actually mainly discursive and so entails consultation with others, negotiation, explicitness, discussion, reasoning, persuasion, and reflection, while writing, reading, and solving problems, all preferably by means of electronic collaboration. The electronics also make it possible to create and share multimedia applications: illustrations, diagrams, draft files, hypermedia, and so forth.

Necessity Clearly, a great deal of professional practice is extremely discursive, and the knowledge and processes in a considerable amount of practice are rarely stable and constant. The business community consequently seeks individuals with a potential for transformation. That is all very well for the business community but less so for higher education, as it is almost entirely individual, lecturer-driven and therefore seems to be a miserable preparation for professional practice.Higher education and especially a teacher training institute should do something with CSCL and, as this book explains, that demands different methods of teaching. Many examples are provided and the role of technology is clearly explained with due reservation. Here, I discuss a couple of the book's key points.

Spectacular Stahl's chapter is simply spectacular. He explains on the basis of an extremely simple example how learning takes place in a group, and that this is something completely different from how an individual learns. Although, as one of my colleagues commented, the example (a dialogue between a group of young children at a visual display unit) is not about high academic education, its discussion clearly shows how much participant's contributions to a discussion depend on each other and build on each other, and how this can lead to an awareness of what the group does and does not understand.

New ideas on student assessment Chan and Van Aalst discuss new ideas on student assessment. The view of learning and assessment are closely related in education and the chapter provides practical examples for teaching staff who have gone a long way towards integrating collaborative learning into education. The key concept is that student assessment has to be formative and must contribute to the students' own learning and collaboration. The (exclusive) emphasis on assessment of individuals should be replaced. The chapter by Chan and Van Aalst can offer inspiration to teaching staff who use electronic discussion forums and wonder how they can increase the depth of the discussions, encourage greater participation and (ultimately) help students attain a deeper understanding.

Experience necessary for success The chapter by Jarvela, Hakkinen, Arvaja and Leinonen summarises instruction techniques for supporting CSCL. It certainly is instructive but it is not always clear what the purpose of the empirical support is and what experiences there have been with implementation in practice. Take for instance the wonderful technique of 'inquiry-based-learning', in which, for example, students conceive of and investigate their own research questions, in response to a common subject in a course, and then share their knowledge of what they have discovered with each other. I'd say try it and share the learning experiences, but they will probably not be inquiry-based learning experiences. I'm afraid summary descriptions of this kind will never bridge the gap between theory and practice and are therefore likely to lead to discouragement. It doesn't help when the authors say at the end that a little experience is necessary to achieve success with the new learning method. That is precisely what the problem is. And also, exactly what experience is needed? Where do you get it?

Which tools go with which educational viewpoint and learning task Other chapters deal with subjects such as the role of feedback, research into human support and collaborative learning, reasons for making the electronic environment more social, and there is a discussion of most of the systems and environments that support collaborative learning. Another important chapter is the one by De Graaf, De Laat and Scheltinga, in which a good attempt is made to link the educational viewpoint and learning task to the possibilities of electronic collaborative tools.

Conclusion This book can be recommended to anyone with a background in education who would like to know more about CSCL. The text may be too abstract for beginners and too academic for use as a practical guide. However, I may be underestimating the reader. I therefore end with the recommendation I made at the start: if you want to include a CSCL course in your study programme, this book is for you.

This review is originally published on the SURF E-learning Themesite http://e-learning.surf.n

[Source: www.elearning-reviews.org]
Von Jerry Andriessen, erfasst im Biblionetz am 01.10.2005

iconBemerkungen zu diesem Buch

Gerry StahlThis book’s title should not be taken to imply that we know a large set of eternal truths about CSCL, but that we are engaged in a collaborative process of building shared knowing about the field and its potential.
Von Gerry Stahl im Buch What we know about CSCL and implementing it in higher education (2004) im Text Building collaborative knowing

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Personen
KB IB clear
Gregory Abowd, Albert Bandura, Russell Beale, Carl Bereiter, John Seely Brown, Jerome S. Bruner, Allan Collins, Donald F. Dansereau, Pierre Dillenbourg, Alan Dix, P. Duguid, Janet Finlay, Frank Fischer, D. R. Forsyth, Hans-Georg Gadamer, Ernst von Glasersfeld, Rogers Hall, Martin Heidegger, Patrick Jermann, David H. Jonassen, Immanuel Kant, Paul A. Kirschner, Timothy D. Koschmann, Jean Lave, Heinz Mandl, Karl Marx, Naomi Miyake, Martin Muehlenbrock, Jakob Nielsen, Donald A. Norman, A. M. O'Donnell, Walter Ong, Michael Polanyi, Jeremy Roschelle, Marlene Scardamalia, Daniel L. Schwartz, John R. Searle, Ben Shneiderman, A. Soller, Lew Semjonowitsch Vygotsky, Etienne Wenger, Ludwig Wittgenstein

Begriffe
KB IB clear
anchored instructionanchored instruction, AwarenessAwareness, Chatchat, cognitive load theory (CLT), collaboration scriptcollaboration script, Computercomputer, Computervermittelte Kommunikationcomputer mediated communication, CSCLComputer-Supported Collaborative Learning, distance learning / Fernunterrichtdistance learning, Efficiency (Usability-Dimension)Efficiency, E-LearningE-Learning, E-Maile-mail, Entdeckendes Lerneninquiry learning, Epistemologie (Erkenntnistheorie)epistemology, Errors (Usability-Dimension)Errors (Usability-Dimension), Explizites Wissen, Gefühlefeelings, GenderGender, Gruppenarbeitgroup work, Gruppendynamikgroup dynamics, HCI/MMI (Human-Computer-Interaction)Human-Computer-Interaction, Hermeneutik, ICTICT, Implizites Wissenimplicit knowledge, Interaktioninteraction, Internetinternet, Jigsaw methodJigsaw method, Kommunikationcommunication, Learnability (Usability-Dimension)Learnability, Lernenlearning, Lernumgebung, Memorability (Usability-Dimension)Memorability, microworldmicroworld, Motivationmotivation, NewsgroupsNewsgroups, Nonverbale Kommunikation, Ontologieontology, Pädagogik / Erziehungswissenschaft, problem-based learningproblem-based learning, Satisfaction (Usability-Dimension)Satisfaction (Usability-Dimension), situated learning / situated cognitionsituated learning, social loafingsocial loafing, social network analysissocial network analysis, social presence theorysocial presence theory, Softwaresoftware, Support, Theorietheory, UsabilityUsability, Vertrauentrust, Wissen, Wissensmanagementknowledge management, Zone of Proximal Development
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Bücher
Jahr  Umschlag Titel Abrufe IBOBKBLB
Das Kapital (Karl Marx) 48000
Group dynamics (D. R. Forsyth) 3100
Oralität und Literalität (Walter Ong) 33200
  Tractatus logico-philosophicus (Ludwig Wittgenstein) 14, 1, 5, 9, 3, 1, 6, 7, 5, 8, 7, 3 13224314623
1781   Kritik der reinen Vernunft (Immanuel Kant) 2, 6, 9, 3, 2, 2, 3, 6, 1, 9, 9, 3 6119312364
1930 local  Mind in Society (Lew Semjonowitsch Vygotsky) 3, 8, 2, 4, 8, 6, 5, 9, 180, 197, 131, 5 1793952668
1958 local  Personal Knowledge (Michael Polanyi) 1, 6, 8, 1, 3, 1, 9, 3, 5, 7, 9, 3 345231699
1960 local  The Process of Education (Jerome S. Bruner) 2, 2, 9, 2, 5, 2, 5, 8, 3, 9, 16, 2 861622748
1960 local  Wahrheit und Methode (Hans-Georg Gadamer) 3, 97, 1, 5, 4, 1, 4, 4, 1, 6, 5, 2 42152204
1962 Being and Time (Martin Heidegger) 19000
1962 Thought and Language (Lew Semjonowitsch Vygotsky) 56200
1966 local  The Tacit Dimension (Michael Polanyi) 1, 5, 9, 2, 3, 4, 4, 3, 4, 8, 14, 4 47843414
1969 Sprechakte (John R. Searle) 20100
1987 local  Designing the user interface (Ben Shneiderman) 2, 1, 9, 2, 4, 1, 5, 5, 5, 5, 6, 4 34341624
1988  local  The Design of Everyday Things (Donald A. Norman) 4, 3, 6, 3, 5, 2, 7, 11, 5, 12, 7, 4 1102245575
1991 local  Acts of Meaning (Jerome S. Bruner) 2, 3, 13, 9, 3 221330
1991 Situated Learning (Jean Lave, Etienne Wenger) 1, 1, 8, 1, 2, 5, 6, 1, 7, 7, 19, 4 175241554
1992 Cognitive Tools for Learning Personenreihenfolge alphabetisch und evtl. nicht korrekt (David H. Jonassen, M. Kommers, J. T. Mayes) 1, 2, 11, 1, 3, 2, 9, 4, 3, 9, 10, 7 19971409
1993  local  Mensch Maschine Methodik Personenreihenfolge alphabetisch und evtl. nicht korrekt (Gregory Abowd, Russell Beale, Alan Dix, Janet Finlay) 9, 1, 4, 8, 1, 4, 2, 5, 4, 3, 7, 8 74375442
1994  local  Usability Engineering (Jakob Nielsen) 3, 5, 11, 2, 3, 1, 6, 3, 2, 13, 17, 4 304845807
1996 local  Computers in the classroom (David H. Jonassen) 2, 12, 1, 4, 9, 4, 4, 3, 6, 8, 10, 3 371231183
1996 CSCL (Timothy D. Koschmann) 12, 2, 2, 9, 1, 4, 4, 3, 5, 7, 8, 1 1015211500
1996 The Culture of Education (Jerome S. Bruner) 17000
1998 Self-efficacy (Albert Bandura) 62000
1999 Collaborative Learning (Pierre Dillenbourg) 7, 1, 2, 5, 2, 3, 7, 3, 4, 8, 11, 2 623522456
1999   Designing Web Usability (Jakob Nielsen) 1, 8, 9, 1, 5, 1, 3, 9, 4, 8, 12, 1 338115063
2001 Euro-CSCL Personenreihenfolge alphabetisch und evtl. nicht korrekt (Pierre Dillenbourg, A. Eurelings, K. Hakkarainen) 1, 1, 6, 1, 6, 1, 3, 5, 6, 10, 4, 5 3113052409
2002 local  Computer Support for Collaborative Learning (Gerry Stahl) 1, 4, 8, 3, 1, 1, 9, 1, 7, 7, 10, 4 455641804
2002 Education and Mind in the Knowledge Age (Carl Bereiter) 12, 1, 2, 13, 1, 4, 6, 3, 4, 7, 4, 1 16611038
2002 Three worlds of CSCL (Paul A. Kirschner) 12, 1, 2, 11, 1, 2, 8, 3, 4, 7, 9, 1 604011798
2002 local  CSCL 2 Personenreihenfolge alphabetisch und evtl. nicht korrekt (Rogers Hall, Timothy D. Koschmann, Naomi Miyake) 2, 2, 7, 2, 3, 4, 9, 5, 2, 8, 6, 2 6152946
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Texte
Jahr  Umschlag Titel Abrufe IBOBKBLB
Philosophische Untersuchungen (Ludwig Wittgenstein) 51000
1989 local web  Situated Cognition and the Culture of Learning (John Seely Brown, Allan Collins, P. Duguid) 11, 1, 11, 1, 1, 1, 11, 1, 2, 11, 15, 1 711111763
1992 What are cognitive tools? (David H. Jonassen) 11100
1992 local web  Learning by collaborating (Jeremy Roschelle) 10, 1, 9, 14, 1, 2, 7, 4, 5, 9, 5, 3 18103754
1992 Scripted Cooperation in Student Dyads (A. M. O'Donnell, Donald F. Dansereau) 8, 1, 2, 5, 1, 2, 6, 4, 7, 6, 5, 3 2223832
1994 local web  Computer Support for Knowledge-Building Communities (Marlene Scardamalia, Carl Bereiter) 1, 5, 9, 1, 5, 7, 8, 2, 3, 9, 5, 3 52731819
1994 Toward a constructivist design model (David H. Jonassen) 2000
1995 local web  The Emergence of Abstract Representations in Dyad Problem Solving (Daniel L. Schwartz) 9, 2, 1, 6, 5, 3, 9, 3, 5, 5, 4, 2 972480
1999 local web  What do you mean by 'collaborative learning'? (Pierre Dillenbourg) 1, 1, 12, 1, 4, 1, 7, 9, 4, 8, 6, 3 342331507
2001 Facilitating the construction of shared knowledge with graphical representation tools in face-to-face and computer-mediated scenarios (Frank Fischer, Heinz Mandl) 2400
2001 local  From Mirroring to Guiding (Patrick Jermann, A. Soller, Martin Muehlenbrock) 4, 10, 1, 4, 2, 3, 7, 3, 2, 5, 6, 1 1071681
2002 local web  Over-scripting CSCL (Pierre Dillenbourg) 2, 9, 12, 1, 5, 2, 11, 4, 6, 7, 18, 3 453332632
2002 local  Can we support CSCL? (Paul A. Kirschner) 9, 2, 9, 2, 4, 7, 2, 7, 3, 2, 6, 9 1586946
2002 Task and Interaction Regulation in Controlling a Traffic Simulation (Patrick Jermann) 3000

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Buchcover

Computer Support for Collaborative Learning

Foundations for a CSCL Community - Proceedings of CSCL 2002

(Gerry Stahl) (2002) local 
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Scripts for computer-supported collaborative learning

Effects of social and epistemic collaboration scripts on collaborative knowledge construction

(Armin Weinberger) (2003) local web 

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Computer Software Support for Collaborative Learning: Artikel als Volltext (lokal: PDF, 508 kByte)
What we know about CSCL and implementing it in higher education: Gesamtes Buch als Volltext (lokal: PDF, 3157 kByte)

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