Beats Biblionetz - Texte: Scratch: Programming for All

In this article, we discuss the design principles that guided our development of Scratch and our strategies for making programming accessible and engaging for everyone. But first, to give a sense of how Scratch is being used, we describe a series of projects developed by a 13-year-old girl with the Scratch screen name BalaBethany.

Von Mitchel Resnick, John Maloney, Natalie Rusk, Evelyn Eastmond, Karen Brennan, Amon Millner, Eric Rosenbaum, Jay Silver, Brian Silverman, Yasmin B. Kafai, Andrés Monroy-Hernández im Text Scratch: Programming for All (2009)

Personen
KB IB clear

Andrea DiSessa, Mark Guzdial, Caitlin Kelleher, Andrés Monroy-Hernández, Seymour Papert, Randy Pausch, Marc Prensky, Mitchel Resnick, Jeannette M. Wing

Fragen
KB IB clear

Gehört Programmieren zur Allgemeinbildung?Should programming be part of general education?

Begriffe
KB IB clear

BASIC (Programmiersprache)BASIC (programming language), Bottom-up bottom up, computational thinking computational thinking,

Denken

thinking, Digital Natives Digital Natives, Informatik computer science,

Kinder

children,

LEGO Mindstorms, LOGO (Programmiersprache)LOGO (programming language),

Programmieren

programming, Programmiersprachen programming languages, Prototyping Prototyping,

Scratch,

Squeak, Top-down Top-down

Bücher

Jahr	Titel	Abrufe	IB	OB	KB	LB
1982	Mindstorms (Seymour Papert)	35, 39, 35, 23, 22, 28, 26, 27, 22, 22, 13, 7	239	45	7	5437
2001	Changing Minds (Andrea DiSessa)	6, 3, 4, 7, 11, 15, 9, 12, 8, 5, 6, 1	24	5	1	1287
2004	Computer Science Education Research (Sally Fincher, Marian Petre)	6, 6, 4, 6, 3, 16, 3, 11, 7, 3, 7, 1	15	41	1	234
2007	Creating a Science of Games	25, 24, 9, 10, 9, 11, 9, 8, 7, 5, 7, 5	21	43	5	739
2011	The Digital Divide (Mark Bauerlein)	56, 11, 15, 13, 14, 20, 13, 13, 15, 25, 16, 6	160	42	6	1973

Texte

Jahr	Titel	Abrufe	IB	OB	KB	LB
1993	Behavior construction kits (Mitchel Resnick)		9	6	0	0
2001	Digital Natives, Digital Immigrants (Marc Prensky)	133, 50, 11, 12, 19, 37, 14, 19, 23, 32, 16, 11	123	9	11	4207
2004	Programming Environments for Novices (Mark Guzdial)	3, 3, 5, 6, 3, 14, 3, 8, 5, 2, 6, 5	10	40	5	199
2005	Lowering the barriers to programming (Caitlin Kelleher, Randy Pausch)	6, 9, 1, 9, 1, 11, 6, 6, 8, 2, 2, 5	34	17	5	463
2006	Computational Thinking (Jeannette M. Wing)	25, 12, 9, 13, 12, 28, 16, 17, 23, 10, 10, 10	95	21	10	871
2007	Sowing the seeds for a more creative society (Mitchel Resnick)	7, 1, 3, 4, 3, 6, 3, 8, 6, 6, 4, 3	11	3	3	245
2007	Using storytelling to motivate programming (Caitlin Kelleher, Randy Pausch)	10, 3, 3, 9, 5, 7, 11, 11, 14, 1, 3, 5	9	11	5	648
2008	Empowering kids to create and share programmable media (Andrés Monroy-Hernández, Mitchel Resnick)	3, 5, 4, 2, 1, 8, 5, 10, 9, 6, 10, 5	4	7	5	287

Nicht erwähnte Begriffe

blockbasierte Programmierumgebungen, Digital Immigrants, Informatik-Didaktik, Informatik-Unterricht (Fachinformatik)

There needs to be a shift in how people think about programming, and about computers in general. We need to expand the notion of "digital fluency" to include designing and creating, not just browsing and interacting. Only then will initiatives like Scratch have a chance to live up to their full potential.

von Mitchel Resnick, John Maloney, Natalie Rusk, Evelyn Eastmond, Karen Brennan, Amon Millner, Eric Rosenbaum, Jay Silver, Brian Silverman, Yasmin B. Kafai, Andrés Monroy-Hernández im Text Scratch: Programming for All (2009)

It has become commonplace to refer to young people as "digital natives" due to their apparent fluency with digital technologies. Indeed, many young people are very comfortable sending text messages, playing online games, and browsing the Web. But does that really make them fluent with new technologies? Though they interact with digital media all the time, few are able to create their own games, animations, or simulations. It's as if they can "read" but not "write."

von Mitchel Resnick, John Maloney, Natalie Rusk, Evelyn Eastmond, Karen Brennan, Amon Millner, Eric Rosenbaum, Jay Silver, Brian Silverman, Yasmin B. Kafai, Andrés Monroy-Hernández im Text Scratch: Programming for All (2009)

Digital Natives können Lesen, aber nicht Schreiben (November 2009)

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Learnable Programming - Blocks and Beyond (David Bau, Jeff Gray, Caitlin Kelleher, Josh Sheldon, Franklyn A. Turbak)
Programming Multimedia Stories in Scratch to Integrate Computational Thinking and Writing with Elementary Students (Shaunna Smith, Lauren E. Burrow)
25 Jahre Schulinformatik - Zukunft mit Herkunft (Gerhard Brandhofer, Gerald Futschek, Peter Micheuz, Anton Reiter, Karl Schoder) (2010)
- ICT im Hosensack - Informatik im Kopf? - Gedanken über ICT und Informatik in der Schweizer Primarschule (Beat Döbeli Honegger) (2010)
ICER 2010 - Proceedings of the Sixth International Workshop on Computing Education Research, Aarhus, Denmark, August 9-10, 2010 (Michael E. Caspersen, Michael J. Clancy, Kate Sanders) (2010)
- Learning computer science concepts with scratch (Orni Meerbaum-Salant, Michal Armoni, Mordechai Ben-Ari) (2010)
Guide to Teaching Computer Science (Orit Hazzan, Tami Lapidot, Noa Ragonis) (2011)
- 4. Research in Computer Science Education
Computational Thinking Patterns ( Andri Ioannidou, Vicki E. Bennett, Alexander Repenning, Kyu Han Koh, Ashok R. Basawapatna) (2011)
Lernen in der Netzwerkgesellschaft (Armin Medosch) (2011)
ITiCSE 2011 - Proceedings of the 16th Annual SIGCSE Conference on Innovation and Technology in Computer Science Education, ITiCSE 2011, Darmstadt, Germany, June 27-29, 2011 (Guido Rößling, Thomas L. Naps, Christian Spannagel) (2011)
- Habits of programming in scratch (Orni Meerbaum-Salant, Michal Armoni, Mordechai Ben-Ari) (2011)
Dancing the 'Robot Hokey-Pokey' - Cognitive Developmental Level as a Predictor of Programming Achievement (Louise P. Flannery) (2011)
ICER 2012 - International Computing Education Research Conference, ICER '12, Auckland, New Zealand, September 10-12, 2012 (Alison Clear, Kate Sanders, Beth Simon) (2012)
- Subgoal-labeled instructional material improves performance and transfer in learning to develop mobile applications (Lauren E. Margulieux, Mark Guzdial, Richard Catrambone) (2012)
Computer Science Education 3/2013 (2013)
- Learning computer science concepts with Scratch (Orni Meerbaum-Salant, Michal Armoni, Mordechai Ben-Ari) (2013)
DeLFI 2014 (Stephan Trahasch, Rolf Plötzner, Gerhard Schneider, Claudia Gayer, Daniel Sassiat, Nicole Wöhrle) (2014)
- ScratchDrone - Systematische Programmierung von Flugdrohnen für den Informatikunterricht (Raphael Zender, Julius Höfler, Patrick Wolfien, Ulrike Lucke) (2014)
ISSEP 2014 - Informatics in Schools - Teaching and Learning Perspectives (Yasemin Gülbahar, Erinç Karataş) (2014)
- 2. The Many Facets of Scratch (G. Barbara Demo, Lawrence Williams) (2014)
WiPSCE 2014 - Proceedings of the 9th Workshop in Primary and Secondary Computing Education, Berlin, Germany, November 5-7, 2014 (Carsten Schulte, Michael E. Caspersen, Judith Gal-Ezer) (2014)
- Should your 8-year-old learn coding? (Caitlin Duncan, Tim Bell, Steve Tanimoto) (2014)
- Scratch vs. Karel - impact on learning outcomes and motivation (Alexander Ruf, Andreas Mühling, Peter Hubwieser) (2014)
Minding the gap between blocks-based and text-based programming (David Weintrop) (2015)
To Block or not to Block, That is the Question - Students’ Perceptions of Blocks-based Programming (David Weintrop, Uri Wilensky) (2015)
Proceedings of the Workshop in Primary and Secondary Computing Education, WiPSCE 2015, London, United Kingdom, November 9-11, 2015 (Judith Gal-Ezer, Sue Sentance, Jan Vahrenhold) (2015)
- Dr. Scratch - a Web Tool to Automatically Evaluate Scratch Projects (Jesús Moreno-León, Gregorio Robles) (2015)
- Design and First Results of a Psychometric Test for Measuring Basic Programming Abilities (Andreas Mühling, Alexander Ruf, Peter Hubwieser) (2015)
- Teaching Computer Science to 5-7 year-olds - An initial study with Scratch, Cubelets and unplugged computing (Benjamin Wohl, Barry Porter, Sarah Clinch) (2015)
ISSEP 2015 - Informatics in Schools. Curricula, Competences, and Competitions (Andrej Brodnik, Jan Vahrenhold) (2015)
- 8. Programming in Scratch Using Inquiry-Based Approach (Jiří Vaníček)
ICER 2015 - Proceedings of the eleventh annual International Conference on International Computing Education Research, ICER 2015, Omaha, NE, USA, August 09 - 13, (Brian Dorn, Judy Sheard, Quintin I. Cutts) (2015)
- Comparing Textual and Block Interfaces in a Novice Programming Environment (Thomas W. Price, Tiffany Barnes) (2015)
- Fourth Grade Students Reading Block-Based Programs - Predictions, Visual Cues, and Affordances (Hilary A. Dwyer, Charlotte Hill, Alexandria K. Hansen, Ashley Iveland, Diana Franklin, Danielle Harlow) (2015)
Computational Participation - Understanding Coding as an Extension of Literacy Instruction (Quinn Burke, W. Ian O’Byrne, Yasmin B. Kafai) (2016)
Online Education - A Catalyst for Higher Education Reforms (Karen E. Willcox, Sanjay Sarma, Philip H. Lippel) (2016)
Modality matters - Understanding the Effects of Programming Language Representation in High School Computer Science Classrooms (David Weintrop) (2016)
Emerging Research, Practice, and Policy on Computational Thinking (Peter J. Rich, Charles B. Hodges) (2017)
- 5. Proto-computational Thinking - The Uncomfortable Underpinnings (Deborah Tatar, Steve Harrison, Michael Stewart, Chris Frisina, Peter Musaeus)
- 18. Principles of Computational Thinking Tools (Alexander Repenning, Ashok R. Basawapatna, Nora A. Escherle)
- 19. Exploring Strengths and Weaknesses in Middle School Students´ Computational Thinking in Scratch (Kevin Lawanto, Kevin Close, Clarence Ames, Sarah Brasiel)
- 20. Measuring Computational Thinking Development with the FUN! Tool (Sarah Brasiel, Kevin Close, Soojeong Jeong, Kevin Lawanto, Phil Janisiewicz)
- 24. Computational Participation - Teaching Kids to Create and Connect Through Code (Yasmin B. Kafai, Quinn Burke) (2017)
Disruptive Fixation - School Reform And The Pitfalls Of Techno-Idealism (Christo Sims) (2017)
SIGCSE 2017 - Proceedings of the 2017 ACM SIGCSE Technical Symposium on Computer Science Education, Seattle, WA, USA, March 8-11, 2017 (Michael E. Caspersen, Stephen H. Edwards, Tiffany Barnes, Daniel D. Garcia) (2017)
- From Blocks to Text and Back - Programming Patterns in a Dual-Modality Environment (David Weintrop, Nathan R. Holbert) (2017)
Analysis of the relation between computational thinking skills and various variables with the structural equation model (Hatice Yildiz Durak, Mustafa Saritepeci) (2017)
Lernen und Lehren mit Technologien: Vermittlung digitaler und informatischer Kompetenzen - Erziehung & Unterricht 7&8/2017 (2017)
- Informatische Bildung mithilfe eines MOOC (Stefan Janisch, Martin Ebner, Wolfgang Slany)
- Coding und Robotik im Unterricht (Gerhard Brandhofer) (2017)
Handbook of Technology Education (Marc J. de Vries) (2017)
- 33. Maker Movement in Education: History and Prospects (Paulo Blikstein)
Second Handbook of Information Technology in Primary and Secondary Education (Joke Voogt, Gerald Knezek, Rhonda Christensen, Kwok-Wing Lai) (2018)
- 47. Open Education Resources, Massive Open Online Courses, and Online Platforms for Distance and Flexible Learning (Jon Dron, Gerald Ardito)
Development and Evaluation of Concepts and Tools to Reinforce Gender Equality by Engaging Female Teenagers in Coding (Bernadette Spieler) (2018)
Programming Paradigms and Beyond (Shriram Krishnamurthi, Kathi Fisler) (2018)
ICLS 2018 1/3 (2018)
- Blocks or Text? - How Programming Language Modality Makes a Difference in Assessing Underrepresented Populations (David Weintrop, Heather Killen, Baker Franke)
ICER 2018 - Proceedings of the 2018 ACM Conference on International Computing Education Research, ICER 2018, Espoo, Finland, August 13-15, 2018 (Lauri Malmi, Ari Korhonen, Robert McCartney, Andrew Petersen) (2018)
- Starting from Scratch - Outcomes of Early Computer Science Learning Experiences and Implications for What Comes Next (David Weintrop, Alexandria K. Hansen, Danielle B. Harlow, Diana Franklin) (2018)
Proceedings of the 13th Workshop in Primary and Secondary Computing Education, WiPSCE 2018, Potsdam, Germany, October 04-06, 2018. (Andreas Mühling, Quintin I. Cutts) (2018)
- Thinking out of the box - comparing metaphors for variables in programming education (Felienne Hermans, Alaaeddin Swidan, Efthimia Aivaloglou, Marileen Smit) (2018)
Medienpädagogik und Didaktik der Informatik - Eine Momentaufnahme disziplinärer Bezüge und schulpraktischer Entwicklungen (2018)
- Scalable Game Design Switzerland (Alexander Repenning, Anna Lamprou, Nicolas Fahrni, Nora A. Escherle)
The effects of first programming language on college students’ computing attitude and achievement - a comparison of graphical and textual languages (Chen Chen, Paulina Haduong, Karen Brennan, Gerhard Sonnert, Philip Sadler) (2018)
Block-based programming in computer science education (David Weintrop) (2019)
ICER 2019 - Proceedings of the 2019 ACM Conference on International Computing Education Research, ICER 2019, Toronto, ON, Canada, August 12-14, 2019 (Robert McCartney, Andrew Petersen, Anthony V. Robins, Adon Moskal) (2019)
- From Theory Bias to Theory Dialogue - Embracing Cognitive, Situated, and Critical Framings of Computational Thinking in K-12 CS Education (Yasmin B. Kafai, Chris Proctor, Debora Lui) (2019)
ITiCSE 2019 - Proceedings of the 2019 ACM Conference on Innovation and Technology in Computer Science Education, Aberdeen, Scotland, UK, July 15-17, 2019 (Bruce Scharlau, Roger McDermott, Arnold Pears, Mihaela Sabin) (2019)
- Text-based Programming in Elementary School - A Comparative Study of Programming Abilities in Children with and without Block-based Experience (Marcos J. Gomez, Marco Moresi, Luciana Benotti) (2019)
The Charisma Machine - The Life, Death, and Legacy of One Laptop per Child (Morgan Ames) (2019)
Programmiersprachen im Unterricht (Nicole Trachsler, Bernhard Matter) (2019)
Impacts of Block-based Programming on Young Learners’ Programming Skills and Attitudes in the Context of Smart Environments (Mazyar Seraj) (2020)
Non-Formal and Informal Science Learning in the ICT Era (Michail N. Giannakos) (2020)
- 5. Music and Coding as an Approach to a Broad-Based Computational Literacy (Michael S. Horn, Amartya Banerjee, Melanie West)
- 7. Games for Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning Education - Review and Perspectives (Michail N. Giannakos, Iro Voulgari, Sofia Papavlasopoulou, Zacharoula Papamitsiou, Georgios Yannakakis)
WiPSCE 2020 - The 15th Workshop in Primary and Secondary Computing Education (2020)
- Re-Use of Programming Patterns or Problem Solving? - Representation of Scratch Programs by TGraphs to support Static Code Analysis (Mike Talbot, Katharina Geldreich, Julia Sommer, Peter Hubwieser) (2020)